Asociación entre la Arquitectura Muscular y el Índice de Calidad Muscular en Adultos Sedentarios / Association Between Muscle Architecture and Muscle Quality Index in Sedentary Adults

La evaluación de la calidad y la arquitectura muscular son importantes para comprender y cuantificar los cambios musculares asociados con el envejecimiento y el estilo de vida sedentario, además nos facilita información de la capacidad del músculo para generar fuerza, potencia o funcionalidad. los objetivos del estudio fueron (I) determinar la asociación entre los parámetros de la arquitectura muscular y el índice de calidad muscular (MQI) y (II) determinar la asociación entre los parámetros de la arquitectura muscular y la potencia media relativa del sit to stand test (STS). Únicamente el grosor muscular (MT) mostró una asociación moderada con el MQI (r = 0,545). En contraste, tanto la longitud del fascículo (FL) como el ángulo de penación (PA) exhibieron asociaciones "muy bajas", las cuales no resultaron significativas con el MQI. Al examinar la relación de los parámetros de la arquitectura muscular con la potencia media relativa de STS, MT presentó una asociación "moderada" (r = 0,444). Sin embargo, tanto FL como PA mostraron asociaciones "muy bajas" y "bajas", respectivamente, con la potencia media relativa al STS. En conclusión, estos hallazgos refuerzan la idea de que MT puede ser un indicador relevante de la calidad muscular y la capacidad de generar potencia en la prueba de STS. Específicamente, se observó que un aumento en MT estaba asociado con una mejora en MQI y la potencia media relativa de STS.

SUMMARY: Assessment of muscle quality and architecture is important for understanding and quantifying muscle changes associated with aging and a sedentary lifestyle and provides information on the muscle's ability to generate strength, power, or function. The aims of the study were (I) to determine the association between muscle architecture parameters and muscle quality index (MQI) and (II) to determine the association between muscle architecture parameters and mean relative power in the sit-to-stand test (STS). Only muscle thickness (MT) showed a moderate association with MQI (r = 0.545). In contrast, both fascicle length (FL) and penile angle (PA) exhibited "very low" associations, which were not significant with the MQI. When examining the relationship between muscle architecture parameters and mean relative STS power, MT presented a "moderate" association (r = 0.444). However, both LF and PA showed "very low" and "low" associations, respectively, with a mean power relative to STS. In conclusion, these findings reinforce the idea that MT may be a relevant indicator of muscle quality and ability to generate power in the STS test. Specifically, an increase in MT was associated with an improvement in MQI and mean power relative to STS.

Influence of probe position in the measurement of muscle thickness and its association with lean mass: an ultrasound study / Influencia de la posición de la sonda en la medición del grosor muscular y su asociación con la masa magra: un estudio ecográfico

SUMMARY: Skeletal muscles play a fundamental role in people's lives and their evaluation provides significant information on health. Different tools have been used to evaluate muscle mass, and the evaluation of muscle thickness (MT) using ultrasound has been included as an alternative, which can be performed with the probe in different positions; however, these could present differences. The objectives of this study were to determine whether there are differences in the measurement of MT in the vastus lateralis (VL) muscle using the probe in the longitudinal or transverse position, and to determine its association with the lean mass of the lower limbs. The results indicated no significant differences between MT measurements with the probe in the longitudinal and transverse positions (p =0.084). However, when associating these measurements with lower limb lean mass, it was found that transverse measurements had a strong association (r =0.547; p < 0.001), while longitudinal measurements had a moderate association (r =0.351; p =0.007). This suggests that measurements with the probe positioned transversely to measure the MT would be the best option. Therefore, it could be useful as an indicator of lower limb lean mass in the absence of tools, such as bioelectrical bioimpedance or magnetic nuclear resonance.

El músculo esquelético cumple un rol fundamental en la vida de las personas, y su evaluación entrega mucha información de la salud. Se han utilizado diferentes herramientas para evaluar la masa muscular, y el último tiempo se ha incluido la evaluación del grosor muscular (MT) a través de la ecografía como una alternativa para estimarla, las cuales se pueden realizar con la sonda en distintas posiciones, sin embargo, estas podrían presentar diferencias. Los objetivos del estudio fueron determinar si existen diferencias en la medición de MT en el músculo vasto lateral (VL) utilizando la sonda en posición longitudinal o transversal y determinar su asociación con la masa magra de los miembros inferiores. Los resultados indican que no existen diferencias significativas entre las mediciones de MT con la sonda en posición longitudinal y transversal (valor p: 0.084). Sin embargo, al asociar estas mediciones con la masa magra de los miembros inferiores, se encontró que las mediciones transversales poseen una asociación fuerte (r: 0.547; valor p < 0.001), mientras que las mediciones longitudinales presentan una asociación moderada (r: 0.351; valor p: 0.007). Esto sugiere que las mediciones con la sonda posicionada transversal para medir MT serían la mejor opción. Por lo tanto, podría ser de utilidad como un indicador de masa magra de los miembros inferiores en caso de no contar con herramientas como la bioimpedancia bioeléctrica o resonancia nuclear magnética.

Humor, Mindfulness and Aggression in College Studentsy

Background: The professional courses such as engineering, medical, paramedical and architecture are demanding and intense in nature. Similarly, it is observed that not only do students indulge in aggressive behaviour but also use humour as a coping mechanism. The purpose of this study was to understand the relationship between humour, mindfulness and aggression and also to assess if these variables had an effect on the participants gender and the courses they were enrolled in. Methodology: The sample consisted of 80 people between 18 to 25 years of age who were enrolled in professional courses (such as, engineering, architecture, medical and paramedical) from Maharashtra, India. The scales used were the Sense of Humour Scale (SOH), Mindfulness Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS) and Brief Aggression Questionnaire (BAQ). Results: A significant low positive correlation was observed between SOH and BAQ and a significant moderate negative correlation was observed between BAQ and MAAS. However, an insignificant relationship was found between SOH and MAAS. Furthermore, no significant difference was observed in males and females for mindfulness and aggression. However, a difference was found in males and females for sense of humour. Another test result represented no significant differences between the participants enrolled in engineering, architecture and healthcare courses in consideration with sense of humour, mindfulness and aggression. Conclusion: This study stated that an increase in sense of humour leads to an increased level of aggression whereas, an increase in mindfulness would lead to a decrease in the level of aggression. However, no significance was found between humour and mindfulness.

A study of Cardiorespiratory Parameters and Sleep Architecture in Patients with Pediatric Obstructive Sleep Apnea undergoing Adenotonsillectomy

Background: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in pediatric population is associated with cardiac, respiratory, metabolic, neurocognitive, and behavioral dysfunctions. Adenotonsillectomy (AT) is the treatment of choice in children who have hypertrophied adenoid and/or palatine tonsils. However, there is paucity of literature on the impact of AT on cardiorespiratory and sleep parameters in these cases. Methods: We did a retrospective study on children who had undergone AT from July 2016 to December 2018 at a tertiary hospital in north India. Only those children, whose polysomnography (PSG) was available both before and after AT were enrolled in this study. � Cardiac parameters: Mean heart rate (MHR) and highest heart rate (HHR), number and duration of arrhythmias, and pulse transit time (PTT) drops. � Respiratory parameters: Apnea-hypopnea index (AHI), respiratory disturbance index (RDI), oxygen desaturation index (ODI), mean oxygen saturation (MOS). � Sleep parameters: Time spent in different stages, sleep efficiency (SE), and arousal index (AI) on PSG were compared before and after AT. Results: A total of 56 children had undergone AT for OSA. Also, PSG, both before and after AT, was available in 37 children. After excluding children having undergone other surgeries for OSA and those with comorbidities, 32 children were enrolled. AT led to significant positive change in AHI (from 7.86 � 7.91 to 2.03 � 3.10, p = 0.01), RDI (from 16.319 � 15.64 to 7.38 � 3.72, p < 0.01), AI (from 22.10 � 14.93 to 15.90 � 8.48, p = 0.012), SE (from 91.47 � 6.31 to 95.866 � 3.03, p < 0.01), ODI (from 6.7959 � 5.03 to 1.865 � 2.09, p < 0.01), MOS (from 95.59 � 2.19 to 97.28 � 1.27), HHR (from 141.68 � 17.93 to 120.93 � 16.98, p < 0.01), MHR (86.68 � 12.95 to 80.29 � 8.81, p = 0.01), and PTT AI (from 36.67 � 27.72 to 26.93 � 24.86, p < 0.01). There was no non-sinus wide or narrow complex tachyarrhythmia in any child before or after AT. There was no statistically significant change in rapid eye movement (REM) sleep duration or number and duration of bradycardia episodes in these children (p > 0.05). Conclusion: Adenotonsillectomy improved SE and oxygenation, and decreased the number of obstructive events, arousals, heart rate, and PTT AI during sleep in children with OSA. Some children had residual disease after surgery. Heart rate and PTT can be excellent non-invasive parameters for detecting obstructive events during sleep in children and monitoring the impact of various therapeutic modalities.

Validating the physiological potential of zero monopodial compact cotton TCH 1819 culture by chemical manipulation

Cotton is the most important global cash crop which controls economy of many nations. Global sustainability of cotton yield is one of the major challenges for meeting impending threats under climate change. Though India is one among the leading countries in cotton production, the supply is not enough considering the increasing demand. Scientists across the Globe are indulged in developing new lines and cultures with capacity to produce more yields. In this context, here, we have made an attempt to study the growth, physiology, and yield traits of cotton culture - TCH 1819 before its release (now released in the name of CO 17) by different chemical treatments. Observation on the leaf gas exchange traits, leaf parenchymal cells distinguished the source sink relationship of the culture. Chemical manipulation by growth retardants reduced the gibberellins content and modified the foliage structure. By characterizing the physiological potential through manipulation by growth retardant (Mepiquat chloride (0.015 %)) increased the yield by 30%. The traits identified in this study are potential indicators in breeding programme before releasing the variety.

Humanização na ambiência de Práticas Integrativas e Complementares: significado de bem-estar na perspectiva dos usuários / Humanisation in the Complementary and Integrative Practice ambience: the meaning of well-being from the users' perspective

Resumo Na busca pelo incremento qualitativo dos espaços de saúde e por uma experiência positiva de seus usuários, este artigo apresenta os significados de bem-estar relacionados à ambiência, atribuídos pelos usuários de ambientes terapêuticos de Práticas Integrativas e Complementares (PIC). A pesquisa qualitativa teve como um de seus objetivos "Identificar o significado de bem-estar e os estímulos que o influenciam, em ambientes de PIC". Foi realizada uma avaliação ambiental em três estudos de caso no ano de 2017, com múltiplos métodos, dos quais as entrevistas - com terapeutas, pacientes e coordenadores das instituições - e as observações sistemáticas foram os que melhor contribuíram para os resultados aqui apresentados. A categorização dos resultados sugere que os significados de bem-estar atribuídos pelos usuários de ambientes terapêuticos de PIC sejam: Acolhimento, Ânimo, Beleza, Concentração, Confiança, Relaxamento e Simplicidade. Neste artigo, apresenta-se a discussão da categorização em relação à revisão de literatura, às amostras de usuários, aos estímulos ambientais e aos métodos. Estima-se que essa categorização possa contribuir para a humanização das ambiências de PIC e para a melhoria de seus projetos arquitetônicos.

Abstract Aiming to have a qualitative increase in health spaces and provide a positive experience for its users, this article presents the meanings of well-being related to the environment, attributed by users of therapeutic environments with complementary and integrative practices (CIPs). One of the objectives of the qualitative research was to "Identify the meaning of well-being and the stimuli that influence it in CIP environments". An environmental assessment was carried out in three case studies in 2017, using multiple methods, of which interviews - with therapists, patients and coordinators from institutions - and systematic observations best contributed to the results presented here. The categorisation of the results suggests that the meanings of well-being attributed by users of therapeutic CIP environments are: Welcomeness, Motivation, Beauty, Concentration, Trust, Relaxation and Simplicity. In this article, the discussion of categorisation in relation to the literature review, user samples, environmental stimuli and methods is presented. It is estimated that this categorisation can contribute to the humanisation of CIP ambiences and to improving their architectural projects.

Ultrasonographic assessment of lower limb muscle architecture in children with early-stage Duchenne muscular dystrophy / Avaliação ultrassonográfica da arquitetura muscular dos membros inferiores em crianças com distrofia muscular de Duchenne em estágio inicial

ABSTRACT Background: Muscle imaging methods such as ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging have been used for many years to determine the dystrophic process in muscular dystrophies. However, the knowledge regarding muscle architecture in children at early-stage Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) with different functional levels is limited. Objective: To explore the effect of functional level on muscle architectural properties in children with early stage DMD and the difference between DMD and typically developing (TD) peers. Methods: Thirty children with DMD (15 Grade 1 and 15 Grade 2 according to the Vignos Scale) and 5 TD peers were included. Ultrasound imaging was used to measure muscle thickness (MT), fascicle length (FL), and pennation angle (PA) of vastus lateralis (VL) and medial gastrocnemius (MG) muscles bilaterally. Results: The MT and FL values for VL, and MT, FL and PA values for MG muscles were higher in children with DMD compared with those of TD peers (p<0.05). The FL of VL, and MT and FL of GM muscles of children with DMD Grade 2 were higher than those of children with DMD Grade 1 (p<0.05). Conclusions: MT and FL are increased in children with DMD compared with TD peers. Additionally, muscle architecture seems to be affected even at the early stages of the disease.

RESUMO Antecedentes: Métodos de imagem muscular, como ultrassom e ressonância magnética, têm sido usados há muitos anos para determinar o processo distrófico em distrofias musculares. No entanto, o conhecimento a respeito da arquitetura muscular em crianças com distrofia muscular de Duchenne (DMD) em estágio inicial, com diferentes níveis funcionais, é limitado. Objetivo: Explorar o efeito do nível funcional nas propriedades arquitetônicas do músculo em crianças com DMD em estágio inicial e a diferença entre DMD e seus pares em desenvolvimento típico (DT). Métodos: Trinta crianças com DMD (15 Grau 1 e 15 Grau 2 de acordo com a Escala de Vignos) e cinco colegas DT foram incluídos. A ultrassonografia foi usada para medir a espessura muscular (EM), o comprimento do fascículo (FL) e o ângulo de penetração (PA) dos músculos vasto lateral (VL) e gastrocnêmio medial (MG) bilateralmente. Resultados: Os valores de EM e FL para VL e os valores de EM, FL e PA para músculos MG foram maiores em crianças com DMD em comparação com os de seus pares DT (p<0,05). O FL do VL e o EM e o FL dos músculos GM de crianças com DMD Grau 2 foram maiores do que aqueles de crianças com DMD Grau 1 (p<0,05). Conclusões: TM e FL estão aumentados em crianças com DMD em comparação com seus pares DT. Além disso, a arquitetura muscular parece ser afetada mesmo nos estágios iniciais da doença.

A dimensão espacial e o lugar social da loucura: por uma cidade aberta / The spatial dimension and the social place of madness: for an open city

Resumo O processo de Reforma Psiquiátrica Brasileira (RPB) propõe o rompimento com o paradigma manicomial em diversas dimensões. Pensar nos espaços de cuidado e no direito à cidade constituem bandeiras importantes para tal. Dessa forma, construímos um arcabouço teórico-conceitual objetivando discutir e sistematizar a relação da arquitetura dos espaços de cuidado destinados à loucura e à produção de subjetividades e relações. Assim, a partir da arqueogenealogia, organizamos um diálogo entre conceitos e autores que abordem o espaço e a arquitetura como dispositivos de produção de subjetividades e relações, tais como, instituições totais e mortificação do eu (Erving Goffman) e síndrome espaço-comportamental (Mirian de Carvalho), e experiências como as de Maura Lopes Cançado e Lima Barreto. Objetivamos, ainda, discutir e desenhar, pelas lentes de campos diversos de saber, um ideal de cidade que nos ajude a enfrentar o paradigma manicomial e fortalecer o processo de RPB: a cidade aberta, aquela que inclui a diferença. Ao localizarmos a importância da discussão das arquiteturas, dos espaços e da cidade que construímos para o processo de RPB, propomos, como resultado deste artigo, construir e adicionar uma nova dimensão de análise de tal processo às já existentes: a dimensão espacial.

Abstract The Brazilian Psychiatric Reform (BPR) process proposes a break with the asylum paradigm in several dimensions. Thinking about care spaces and the right to the city are important flags for this issue. Bearing that in mind, a theoretical-conceptual framework was constructed, aiming to discuss and systematize the relationship between the architecture of care spaces geared toward madness and the production of subjectivities and relationships. Thus, based on archeo-genealogy, a dialogue was organized between concepts and authors that approach space and architecture as devices for the production of subjectivities and relationships, such as total institutions and self-mortification (Erving Goffman) and space-behavioral syndrome (Mirian de Carvalho), as well as experiences such as those by Maura Lopes Cançado and Lima Barreto. It is also the aim of this study to discuss and draw, through the lens of different fields of knowledge, an ideal city that will aid in facing the asylum paradigm and strengthening the BPR process: the open city, that which includes difference. Locating the importance of discussing the architectures, spaces, and the city built for the BPR process, this article proposes to build and add a new dimension of analysis of such a process to those that already exist: the spatial dimension.

Modification of polyetheretherketone (PEEK) physical features to improve osteointegration / 浙江大学学报（英文版）（B辑：生物医学和生物技术）

Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) has been widely applied in orthopedics because of its excellent mechanical properties, radiolucency, and biocompatibility. However, the bioinertness and poor osteointegration of PEEK have greatly limited its further application. Growing evidence proves that physical factors of implants, including their architecture, surface morphology, stiffness, and mechanical stimulation, matter as much as the composition of their surface chemistry. This review focuses on the multiple strategies for the physical modification of PEEK implants through adjusting their architecture, surface morphology, and stiffness. Many research findings show that transforming the architecture and incorporating reinforcing fillers into PEEK can affect both its mechanical strength and cellular responses. Modified PEEK surfaces at the macro scale and micro/nano scale have positive effects on cell-substrate interactions. More investigations are necessary to reach consensus on the optimal design of PEEK implants and to explore the efficiency of various functional implant surfaces. Soft-tissue integration has been ignored, though evidence shows that physical modifications also improve the adhesion of soft tissue. In the future, ideal PEEK implants should have a desirable topological structure with better surface hydrophilicity and optimum surface chemistry.

Core Architecture and Clinical Application of Orthopedic Robot Based on Human-like Thinking / 中国医疗器械杂志

Intelligent and precision medical treatment is the future development trend of surgical operations. We proposed a core architecture of orthopedic robots with human-like thinking based on the growing demand for orthopedic robots and disadvantages of current robots, it consists of brain, eyes and hands three modules according to functions. The architecture design is extremely in line with the doctor's logic so that the work process of the orthopedic robot is similar to the process of traditional surgery which is mainly done by the doctor's brain-eye-hand coordination. It realizes the digitization of the doctor's thinking, the immediacy and visualization of surgical information and the accuracy of surgical operation process. The clinical application proved that the orthopedic robot has the advantages of higher accuracy, less radiation and shorter operation time, which can be further promoted clinically.

Surgical repair of the supraspinatus: pre- and postoperative architectural changes in the muscle

INTRODUCTION@#Shortening of the tendon and muscle is recognised as a strong predictor of surgical failure of supraspinatus tendon tears. Changes in muscle architecture following repair have not been thoroughly investigated. Hence, we aimed to compare the pre- and postoperative architecture of the supraspinatus.@*METHODS@#We recruited eight participants with full-thickness supraspinatus tears. Images of the supraspinatus were captured preoperatively (pre-op) and postoperatively at one month (post-op1), three months (post-op2) and six months (post-op3) in relaxed and contracted states (0º and 60º glenohumeral abduction). Fibre bundle length (FBL), pennation angle (PA) and muscle thickness were quantified. Self-reported function, and maximal isometric abduction and external rotation strengths were assessed.@*RESULTS@#The mean FBL increased from pre-op to post-op1 (p = 0.001) in the relaxed state and from pre-op to post-op2 (p = 0.002) in the contracted state. Decrease in FBL was observed from post-op2 to post-op3 in the relaxed state. The mean PA decreased from pre-op to post-op1 (p < 0.001) in the relaxed state, but increased from post-op2 to post-op3 in both relaxed (p = 0.006) and contracted (p = 0.004) states. At post-op3, external rotation (p = 0.009) and abduction (p = 0.005) strengths were greater than at post-op2. Overall function increased by 47.67% from pre-op to post-op3.@*CONCLUSION@#Lengthening of the supraspinatus occurs with surgery, altering the length-tension relationship of the muscle, which can compromise muscle function and lead to inferior surgical outcomes. These findings may guide clinicians to optimise loads, velocities and shoulder ranges for effective postoperative rehabilitation.

Effects of eccentric exercise on muscle architecture in adults: a systematic review / Efectos del ejercicio excéntrico en la arquitectura muscular en adultos: una revisión sistemática

SUMMARY: The purpose of this systematic review was to determine the effects of eccentric training on muscle architecture in the adult population. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statements were followed using keywords associated with architecture muscular and eccentric training. Four databases were used: PubMed, Scopus, SPORTDiscus and Web of Science. Methodological quality was assessed using the PEDro scale. A total of 1260 articles were retrieved, 18 included in this review. The parameters most frequently evaluated in the studies consulted were pennation angle (PA), fascicle length (FL), and muscle thickness (MT). These were assessed mainly in lower limb muscles such as biceps femoris long head (BFlh), vastus lateralis (VL), medial gastrocnemius (MG) and lateral gastrocnemius (LG), respectively. Eccentric training for at least four weeks generates adaptations in these parameters, mainly by increasing MT with FL and decreasing PA, determining muscle function. These results provide evidence on the effects of eccentric training on muscle architecture, which could be helpful to prevent injuries and favor muscle recovery processes.

RESUMEN: El propósito de esta revisión sistemática fue determinar los efectos del entrenamiento excéntrico sobre la arquitectura muscular en la población adulta. Se siguieron las recomendaciones del Ìtems de referencia para publicar Revisiones Sistemáticas y Metaanálisis (PRISMA) utilizando palabras clave asociadas con la arquitectura muscular y el entrenamiento excéntrico en cuatro bases de datos: PubMed, Scopus, SPORTDiscus y Web of Science. La calidad metodológica se evaluó mediante la escala PEDro. Se encontró un total de 1260 artículos, del los cuales, 18 fueron incluidos en esta revisión. Los parámetros más frecuentemente evaluados en los estudios fueron el ángulo de penación (AP), la longitud del fascículo (LF) y el grosor muscular (Gm). Estos fueron evaluados principalmente en músculos de los miembros inferiores como la cabeza larga del bíceps femoral (CLBf), el vasto lateral (VL), el gastrocnemio medial (GM) y el gastrocnemio lateral (GL), respectivamente. El entrenamiento excéntrico durante al menos cuatro semanas genera adaptaciones en estos parámetros, principalmente aumentando el GM con la LF y disminuyendo el AP, determinando de esta manera la función muscular. Estos resultados aportan evidencias sobre los efectos del entrenamiento excéntrico en la arquitectura muscular, que podrían ser útiles para prevenir lesiones y favorecer los procesos de recuperación muscular.

Incidencias en la formación de competencias ciudadanas a través del taller de diseño en la Facultad de Artes Integradas de la Universidad de San Buenaventura, Medellín (Colombia) / Incidences on the Formation of Citizenship Competences through the Design Workshop at Faculty of Integrated Arts of San Buenaventura University, Medellin, Colombia

Resumen Las estrategias de educación en Colombia se generan en los escenarios de la vida cotidiana en los que el ciudadano interactúa con la economía, la política y la cultura del país. El objetivo de la investigación se centro en analizar las incidencias de la formación de arquitectos y diseñadores en la facultad de artes integradas de la Universidad de San Buenaventura, frente a las competencias ciudadanas. El enfoque metodológico se desarrolla desde una perspectiva mixta, en tanto construye y usa datos cualitativos derivados de entrevistas a los estudiantes y docentes de los talleres, contrastados con la información oficial sobre los resultados de las pruebas saber pro y las evaluaciones de las prácticas profesionales. El análisis evidenció que existe un aislamiento en el desarrollo de los ejercicios proyectuales de las realidades del contexto económico, político y social en la formación disciplinar, por la falta de enlaces temáticos entre las asignaturas al interior de los programas. Por esto, se llega a la conclusión que la facultad debe crear estrategias que promuevan la formación de profesionales para el trabajo en equipos interdisciplinarios que interactúen de forma directa con la comunidad.

Abstract Education strategies in Colombia are generated in the scenarios of everyday life in which the citizen interacts with the economy, politics, and culture of the country. The objective of the research focused on analyzing the incidence of the training of architects and designers at Faculty of Integrated Arts of Saint Bonaventure University in relation to citizenship competencies. The methodological approach is developed from a mixed perspective, as it builds and uses qualitative data derived from interviews with students and teachers of the workshops, contrasted with official information on the results of the Saber Pro tests and the evaluations of internships. The analysis showed that there is an isolation in the development of project exercises from the realities of the economic, political, and social contexts in the disciplinary training, due to the lack of thematic links between the subjects within the programs. Therefore, it is concluded that the faculty should create strategies, which promote the training of professionals to work in interdisciplinary teams, which interact directly with the community.

Evaluación de usabilidad de sitios web de bibliotecas de universidades públicas chilenas a partir del método SIRIUS / Usability evaluation of chilean academic public library web sites using the SIRIUS method

Resumen Este artículo presenta los resultados de una evaluación heurística de usabilidad aplicada a 17 sitios web de bibliotecas de universidades públicas chilenas, a través del método SIRIUS, "Sistema de Evaluación de la Usabilidad Web Orientado al Usuario y Basado en la Determinación de Tareas Críticas". Para la recolección de datos se utilizó la pauta fija de SIRIUS que contiene 10 heurísticas subdivididas en un total de 83 sub-heurísticas evaluadas por cinco personas expertas con conocimiento en sitios web de bibliotecas y usabilidad. Los resultados indican que las bibliotecas universitarias mejor evaluadas presentan buenos mecanismos de rotulado, layout (diseño) y facilidad de interacción, mientras que, en su conjunto, los sitios web carecen de ayudas de navegación para las personas usuarias. Finalmente, se concluye que la evaluación heurística es un método válido, rápido, fácil y aplicable en sitios web de bibliotecas universitarias, siempre y cuando se definan adecuadamente las personas expertas y las heurísticas. Asimismo, SIRIUS resulta una herramienta adecuada al contar con una pauta fija que permite obtener evaluaciones con rapidez y facilitar la comparación de sus resultados.

Abstract This article presents the results of a heuristic usability evaluation applied to 17 websites of libraries of public chilean universities, using the SIRIUS method "System of Web Usability Evaluation, User Oriented and Based on the Determination of Critical Tasks" For data collection, SIRIUS fixed guideline was used, which contains 10 heuristics that are subdivided into a total of 83 sub-heuristics evaluated by 5 experts with knowledge about libraries and usability websites. The results indicate that the best evaluated university libraries have good labeling mechanisms, layout and ease of interaction, while, as a whole, the websites lack navigation aids for their users. Finally, it is concluded that heuristic evaluation is a valid, fast, easy and applicable method in university library websites, as long as experts and heuristics are properly defined. Likewise, SIRIUS is an adequate tool since it has a fixed guideline that allows evaluations to be obtained quickly and to facilitate the comparison of its results.

Percepción del Confort Térmico en Conjuntos Residenciales y su Incidencia en la Calidad de Vida / Thermal Comfort in Residential Complexes as life Quality Enhancers / Conforto Térmico em Complexos Residenciais como Melhoradores da Qualidade De Vida

Resumen Introducción. En este artículo se presentan los resultados finales de la investigación Análisis del confort térmico de conjuntos habitacionales realizada en la ciudad de Portoviejo, Ecuador. Objetivo. Analizar la percepción del confort térmico de las viviendas del conjunto habitacional Fuentes del Río de la ciudad de Portoviejo y reconocer los elementos que favorecen o no la calidad climática del interior de sus espacios, mediante técnicas de investigación y herramientas tecnológicas, evidenciando el valor de orientar las edificaciones de carácter residencial de acuerdo a las condicionantes climáticas que influyen en ellas. Materiales y Métodos. Se presenta una investigación bibliográfica y de campo, apoyada en el diagnóstico del conjunto arquitectónico en estudio. Resultados. Una vez obtenidas las valoraciones, se procedió mediante estrategias de diseño a idear elementos que mitiguen las incidencias climáticas en el interior de viviendas además de elaborar un listado de parámetros bioclimáticos que aporten en la proyección de futuros conjuntos urbanísticos en el área urbana de la ciudad de Portoviejo. Conclusiones. los elementos analizados permiten reconocer la importancia de emplear parámetros bioclimáticos o principios de arquitectura sustentable y el uso de tecnología constructiva que faciliten la creación de programas habitacionales sustentables, contribuyendo en forma positiva con el medio ambiente y mejorando la habitabilidad de los espacios.

Abstract Introduction. This article presents the final results of the research Analysis of the thermal comfort of residential complexes carried out in the city of Portoviejo, Ecuador. Objective. Analyze the perception of thermal comfort of the housing units of the Fuentes del Río housing complex in the city of Portoviejo and recognize the elements that favor or not the climatic quality of the interior of their spaces, through research techniques and technological tools, demonstrating the value of orienting the buildings of a residential nature according to the climatic conditions that influence them. Materials and methods. A bibliographic and field research is presented, supported by the diagnosis of the architectural complex under study. Results. Once the valuations were obtained, we proceeded by means of design strategies to devise elements that mitigate the climatic incidences inside homes, in addition to preparing a list of bioclimatic parameters that contribute to the projection of future urban complexes in the urban area of the city of Portoviejo. Conclusions. The elements analyzed allow us to recognize the importance of using bioclimatic parameters or principles of sustainable architecture and the use of constructive technology that empower the creation of sustainable housing programs, contributing positively to the environment and improving the habitability of the spaces.

Resumo Introdução. Este artigo apresenta os resultados finais da pesquisa Análise do conforto térmico de complexos residenciais realizada na cidade de Portoviejo, Equador. Objetivo. Analisar a percepção de conforto térmico das unidades habitacionais do conjunto habitacional Fuentes del Río, na cidade de Portoviejo, e reconhecer os elementos que favorecem ou não a qualidade climática do interior de seus espaços, por meio de técnicas de pesquisa e ferramentas tecnológicas, demonstrando o valor da orientação dos edifícios. de natureza residencial de acordo com as condições climáticas que os influenciam. Materiais e métodos. É apresentada uma pesquisa bibliográfica e de campo, apoiada no diagnóstico do complexo arquitetônico em estudo. Resultados. Uma vez obtidas as avaliações, procedemos por meio de estratégias de projeto para conceber elementos que mitigam os incidentes climáticos dentro das casas, além de elaborar uma lista de parâmetros bioclimáticos que contribuem para a projeção de futuros complexos urbanos na área urbana da cidade de Portoviejo. Conclusões. Os elementos analisados permitem reconhecer a importância do uso de parâmetros ou princípios bioclimáticos da arquitetura sustentável e o uso de tecnologia construtiva que possibilite a criação de programas habitacionais sustentáveis, contribuindo positivamente para o meio ambiente e melhorando a habitabilidade dos espaços.

3D chromatin architecture and epigenetic regulation in cancer stem cells

Dedifferentiation of cell identity to a progenitor-like or stem cell-like state with increased cellular plasticity is frequently observed in cancer formation. During this process, a subpopulation of cells in tumours acquires a stem cell-like state partially resembling to naturally occurring pluripotent stem cells that are temporarily present during early embryogenesis. Such characteristics allow these cancer stem cells (CSCs) to give rise to the whole tumour with its entire cellular heterogeneity and thereby support metastases formation while being resistant to current cancer therapeutics. Cancer development and progression are demarcated by transcriptional dysregulation. In this article, we explore the epigenetic mechanisms shaping gene expression during tumorigenesis and cancer stem cell formation, with an emphasis on 3D chromatin architecture. Comparing the pluripotent stem cell state and epigenetic reprogramming to dedifferentiation in cellular transformation provides intriguing insight to chromatin dynamics. We suggest that the 3D chromatin architecture could be used as a target for re-sensitizing cancer stem cells to therapeutics.

Evidências de poder expressas em projetos arquitetônicos do Hospital Santa Catarina (1974-2002) / Evidence of power expressed in architectural projects of the Hospital Santa Catarina (1974-2002)

Resumo A arquitetura hospitalar é um elemento disciplinador que contribui para a categorização, a classificação e a individualização dos atores sociais que compartilham esse espaço. Este estudo histórico analisou a trajetória da autoria dos projetos e do fluxo de pessoas, coisas e informação, além da disposição, da denominação e das dimensões dos compartimentos do Hospital Santa Catarina. Os achados foram interpretados à luz da literatura científica encontrada sobre o tema e do referencial teórico de Michel Foucault, o que permitiu compreender como se deram as disputas de poder por esses atores sociais. A enfermagem, um dos grupos presentes nesse espaço ao longo de todo o período estudado, ora ampliou ora teve reduzido o domínio sobre ele, pois ora a enfermagem foi destinada a esse espaço privativamente, ora foi deslocada para áreas onde a vigilância e a observação eram mais difíceis, ora passou a compartilhar espaços antes exclusivos. Essa dinâmica de disputa de poder impactou a qualidade da assistência prestada e as condições de trabalho dos profissionais de saúde.

Abstract Hospital architecture is a disciplinary element that contributes to the categorization, classification and individualization of social actors that share this space. This historical study analyzed the authorship trajectory of the projects, flow of people, things and information, in addition to the disposition, naming and dimensions of the compartments at the Hospital Santa Catarina. We used the academic literature on the matter as well as Michel Foucault's theoretical framework to interpret the results and understand the power disputes of these social actors. Nursing, one of the groups present in this space throughout the analyzed period, oscillated between increasing and decreasing control over the space. This occurs because their control was assigned privately at times, moved to areas where surveillance and observation were more difficult, or their previously confidential spaces started being shared. This power dispute dynamics affected the quality of care and the working conditions of the evaluated health professionals.

Relationship between upper and lower limbs muscle explosive strength with the vastus lateralis and biceps brachii architecture / Correlação entre a força muscular explosiva dos membros superiores e inferiores com a arquitetura do vasto lateral e do bíceps braquial / Correlación entre la fuerza muscular explosiva de las extremidades superiores e inferiores con la arquitectura del vasto lateral y el bíceps braquial

ABSTRACT We aimed to assess upper and lower limbs explosive strength, and its correlation with biceps brachii (BB) and vastus lateralis (VL) architecture. Absolute and maximum torque normalized rate of torque development (RTD) were measured from isometric elbow flexion (EF) and knee extension (KE). BB and VL architectures were assessed by ultrasound. Absolute RTD of KE was higher (129-272%), although normalized RTD was higher in EF (80-21%). The absolute RTD was correlated to muscle thickness only in the BB (r=.39-46). No relationship was found between muscle architecture and normalized RTD. In conclusion, the higher RTD from KE seems to be due to their greater strength. Only the muscle architecture could not explain the differences found in the RTD.

RESUMO Nosso objetivo foi avaliar a força explosiva de membros superiores e inferiores e a sua correlação com a arquitetura do bíceps braquial (BB) e vasto lateral (VL). A taxa de desenvolvimento de torque (TDT) absoluta e normalizada pela força máxima foi medida na flexão de cotovelo (FC) e extensão de joelho (EJ). A arquitetura do BB e do VL foi avaliada por ultrassonografia. A TDT absoluta de EJ foi maior (129-272%), mas a TDT normalizada foi maior na FC (80-21%). A TDT absoluta foi correlacionada com a espessura do BB (r=.39-46). A TDT normalizada não foi correlacionada à arquitetura muscular. Concluindo, a TDT superior da EJ parece causada pela maior força máxima. Apenas a arquitetura muscular não parece explicar a diferença na TDT.

RESUMEN Nuestro objetivo era evaluar la fuerza explosiva de los miembros superiores y inferiores y su correlación con la arquitectura del bíceps braquial (BB) y vasto lateral (VL). Se medio la tasa de desarrollo de torque (TDT) absoluta y normalizada por la fuerza máxima in la flexión de codo (FC) e extensión de rodilla (ER). La arquitectura del BB y VL fue evaluada por ultrasonido. La TDT absoluta de ER fue mayor (129-272%), pero la TDT normalizada fue mayor en la FC (80-21%). La TDT absoluta se correlacionó con el grosor del BB (r=.39-46). La TDT normalizada no se correlacionó con la arquitectura. En conclusión, la TDT superior del ER parece estar causado por la mayor fuerza máxima. La arquitectura muscular sola no parece explicar la diferencia en la TDT.

A 3D model to illustrate the nest architecture of Acromyrmex balzani (Hymenoptera; Formicidae)

ABSTRACT For eusocial insects, the nest is a place where the main social interactions occur. The nest architecture ensures protection from predators and the environment, as well as suitable conditions for brood rearing, food storage, and in some cases the cultivation of fungus farms. Variations in nest architecture can occur, according to the environmental conditions. In order to elucidate the internal organization of nests, most studies use 2D schemes and photographs to illustrate the nest architecture models. However, 3D models can provide a different and more realistic view of the nest architecture. The aim of this study was to describe the nest architecture and colony size of the grass-cutting ant Acromyrmex balzani (Emery), using 3D models to illustrate these features. The structures of eight colonies were measured and the data were used to create a 3D model of each nest. Externally, the nests had one or more piles of loose soil and waste, with a single straw turret over the entrance. Underground, the nests had from 2 to 6 chambers, at a maximum depth of 122 cm. It could be concluded that the observed nest architecture of Acromyrmex balzani followed, at least in part, the pattern already reported in the literature. However, this is the first report of connection between two chambers made by two shafts, as well as the presence of the turret at the nest entrance/exit, regardless of the season of the year. These differences evidence that the nest structures may vary, depending on intrinsic or local environmental conditions.

Wiring the Brain by Clustered Protocadherin Neural Codes / 神经科学通报·英文版

There are more than a thousand trillion specific synaptic connections in the human brain and over a million new specific connections are formed every second during the early years of life. The assembly of these staggeringly complex neuronal circuits requires specific cell-surface molecular tags to endow each neuron with a unique identity code to discriminate self from non-self. The clustered protocadherin (Pcdh) genes, which encode a tremendous diversity of cell-surface assemblies, are candidates for neuronal identity tags. We describe the adaptive evolution, genomic structure, and regulation of expression of the clustered Pcdhs. We specifically focus on the emerging 3-D architectural and biophysical mechanisms that generate an enormous number of diverse cell-surface Pcdhs as neural codes in the brain.